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    <title>Crime, Histoire &#38; Sociétés / Crime, History &#38; Societies</title>
    <link>http://chs.revues.org</link>
    <description>Depuis son premier numéro en 1997, CHS – organe officiel de l’International Association for the History of Crime and Criminal Justice, fondée en 1978 – est devenue la principale revue de ce domaine neuf et significatif de recherche. Au cours des trente dernières années, les travaux historiques sur les institutions pénales, la police, la justice, les peines et la criminalité se sont profondément transformés. Faire l’histoire du crime revient désormais à s’interroger sur la définition socialement acceptée de l’ordre et du désordre, la légitimité des structures et des moyens du maintien de l’ordre, la capacité à intégrer de nouveaux groupes sociaux ou les attentes des populations face à la justice.</description>
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      <title>“To be remedied of any vendetta” : Petitions and the Avoidance of Violence in early modern Parma</title>
      <link>http://chs.revues.org/index1355.html</link>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[
        <p class="abstract" dir="ltr">The Farnese dukes dominated the province of Parma, north Italy, from the period 1548 to 1731. An important characteristic of their rule was their receptiveness to petitions and supplications from their subjects. Petitions from subjects of varying social positions to absolutist rulers provide a wealth of information pertaining to the relationships between dukes or princes and the populations they ruled. This article argues that the subjects of the Farnese duchy of Parma relied on the relationships of channels of communication provided by a well-entrenched system of petitions and appeals as a way to relieve themselves of the obligation to resolve quarrels and social conflicts through violence. Importantly, malefactors also seem to have calculated their crimes in accordance with the likelihood of receiving a ducal pardon, tending to threaten rather than wound, or insult rather than attack. The system of petitioning was operated by the Council of Sentencing (Consiglio della Dettatura), a tribunal that developed as an integral part of the Farnese judiciary system. By the waning of the Farnese dynasty, petitioning allowed a broad swath of Farnese subjects to protect their own interests while submitting to the authority of the ducal regime.</p>]]>
      </description>
      <author>a.m.johansen@dundee.ac.uk         (Colin Rose)</author>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Dec 2015 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">http://chs.revues.org/index1355.html</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>“A Deterrent to Vagabonds, Lazy Persons and Promiscuous Individuals” : Control and Discretion in the Norwegian Workhouse System, 1845-1907</title>
      <link>http://chs.revues.org/index1357.html</link>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[
        <p class="abstract" dir="ltr">Between 1845 and 1907, the Norwegian workhouse system was based on the Poor Law which authorised the police to detain vagrants for up to six months in the workhouse. These measures were enforced on the basis of police discretion without any judicial proceedings. Only towards the end of the nineteenth century was this practice seriously questioned, ultimately leading to the abolition of the discretionary workhouse system. This article presents the Norwegian workhouse system from 1845 to 1907, outlining its functions, and discussing the discretionary power placed in the hands of the police in a country whose constitution forbade punishment without legal trial. The article argues that discretionary detention was regarded as a flexible instrument that allowed the police and local communities to intervene against disorderly individuals. It also argues that the increased limitations on the police’s discretionary power between 1894 and 1907 were motivated by a legal-professional wish to adapt the legislation to comply with prevailing principles of the rule of law rather than concerns for the legal protection of the paupers and vagrants who were subjected to detention. The aims and the groups targeted for detention remained the same, although workhouse detentions turned out to be less efficient when the police discretions were curtailed.</p>]]>
      </description>
      <author>a.m.johansen@dundee.ac.uk         (Frode Ulvund)</author>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Dec 2015 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">http://chs.revues.org/index1357.html</guid>
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      <title>Summary Justice for Women : Stafford Borough, 1880-1905</title>
      <link>http://chs.revues.org/index1359.html</link>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[
        <p class="abstract" dir="ltr">Serious female offenders and prostitutes were marginal individuals in their own time, yet both have received a disproportionate amount of scholarly research. Although still overshadowed by male offenders of any type, the female petty offender was more prevalent. Yet such common-place female offenders have been largely ignored by historians and criminologists, particularly those living and offending outside the Metropolis. By using a largely working-class market town as a case study, this article aims to redress that imbalance by establishing the participation of women in mundane and less overtly gendered crime in late nineteenth century Stafford. In so doing, the article will show that there were comparatively few juvenile offenders and a host of middle-aged women mainly convicted for drunken and anti-social behaviour, common assault, and breaching the increasing regulatory legislation.</p>]]>
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      <author>a.m.johansen@dundee.ac.uk         (Joanne Turner)</author>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Dec 2015 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">http://chs.revues.org/index1359.html</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Pratiques policières en temps de guerre : les gendarmes belges, français et néerlandais au prisme de l’épuration (1940-1948)</title>
      <link>http://chs.revues.org/index1361.html</link>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[
        <p class="resume" dir="ltr">La Seconde Guerre mondiale constitue, pour les gendarmes européens, une période particulièrement délicate de l’exercice de leurs fonctions policières. Elle s’apparente à un conflit de normes, où le fossé se creuse entre légalité et légitimité des missions remplies. À la Libération, les procédures épuratoires réexaminent les comportements posés pour déterminer a posteriori, les pratiques acceptables, des autres. Sur base des dossiers épuratoires alors instruits, nous discutons dans cet article le caractère extraordinaire et les éléments de ruptures des pratiques policières de l’Occupation, en croisant le vécu de la gendarmerie belge, de la gendarmerie nationale française et de la Koninklijke Marechaussee néerlandaise.</p>]]>
      </description>
      <author>a.m.johansen@dundee.ac.uk         (Jonas Campion)</author>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Dec 2015 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">http://chs.revues.org/index1361.html</guid>
    </item>
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      <title>The Politics of Police History in Germany since the 1990s. A Participant Observation</title>
      <link>http://chs.revues.org/index1363.html</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description><author>a.m.johansen@dundee.ac.uk         (Herbert Reinke)</author>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Dec 2015 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">http://chs.revues.org/index1363.html</guid>
    </item>
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      <title>Print Culture, Moral Panic, and the Administration of the Law : The London Crime Wave of 1744</title>
      <link>http://chs.revues.org/index1317.html</link>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[
        <p class="abstract" dir="ltr">In the second half of 1744, a moral panic about street robberies gripped London. The article argues that moral panics of the modern law and order variety are evident as early as the mid-eighteenth century. As with other historical panics, printed media and public opinion played a key role in driving the panic of 1744. Various genres of crime literature presented street robbery as an especially threatening problem. In the wake of this alarm, crime and justice came in for extensive public discussion in the press, and several changes were made to the administration of the law in the metropolis. The expansion of print culture and new opportunities for voicing public opinion in the eighteenth century provided the essential foundations for the genesis of the modern form of moral panic, a phenomenon which continues to have a significant impact upon criminal justice policy today. </p>]]>
      </description>
      <author>a.m.johansen@dundee.ac.uk         (Richard Ward)</author>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 May 2015 00:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">http://chs.revues.org/index1317.html</guid>
    </item>
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      <title>Reporting Crime in the North of England eighteenth-century Newspaper : a Preliminary Investigation</title>
      <link>http://chs.revues.org/index1320.html</link>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[
        <p class="abstract" dir="ltr">This article is intended to contribute to a growing literature on newspaper reporting of crime during the eighteenth century. Most of the work completed on this subject has been focussed on London papers, where both the problem of crime and the nature of newspaper reporting may well have been different from the provinces. One important study of a provincial newspaper’s crime reporting has, however, been completed, by Esther Snell, based on the Kentish Post. Snell’s work is of a high quality, and has formed the basis of a number of published articles. But reading other provincial newspapers provides a different impression of crime reporting, and of readers’ probable reaction to it, from that given by Snell. This article draws most of its information from the York Courant, a more important regional paper that the Kentish Post, and also draws on information from other northern newspapers. It argues that the reporting of crime in the York Courant was normally brief and far from sensational. The article also considers other ways in which people could be informed about crime from print culture, and ends by raising the issue of how the more important regional newspapers played a role in integrating provincial and national elite culture, and how reporting crime may have fitted into that process.</p>]]>
      </description>
      <author>a.m.johansen@dundee.ac.uk         (James J. Sharpe)</author>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 May 2015 00:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">http://chs.revues.org/index1320.html</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Great ‘Reading’ Experiment : an Examination of the Role of Education in the Nineteenth-century Gaol</title>
      <link>http://chs.revues.org/index1322.html</link>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[
        <p class="abstract" dir="ltr">This article explores the emergence of schemes for educating prisoners during the first half of the nineteenth century, focusing on the programme of instruction at Reading Gaol during the 1840s and 1850s. During this period, the enthusiastic prison chaplain, John Field, convinced the local authorities to rebuild the county gaol, impose the separate system of prison discipline, abolish hard labour, and devote prisoners’ time to the intensive study of the Scriptures and other related texts. Reading Gaol provides an insight into how educational methods and techniques were modified to suit a particular environment – the prison – and a particular student body – convicted criminals. When viewed in its educational and penal context, Reading Gaol also shows that although schemes for educating prisoners have often (and rightly) been associated with spiritual reformism, wider bases of support ensured the survival of at least elementary instruction for illiterate adult prisoners even when central authorities pressed for the adoption of hard labour, hard board and hard fare in local gaols.</p>]]>
      </description>
      <author>a.m.johansen@dundee.ac.uk         (Rosalind Crone)</author>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 May 2015 00:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">http://chs.revues.org/index1322.html</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Press, Politics and the ‘Police and Public’ Debates in Late 1920s Britain</title>
      <link>http://chs.revues.org/index1324.html</link>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[
        <p class="abstract" dir="ltr">This article considers a series of scandals centred on London’s Metropolitan Police between 1927 and 1929. Although based on various issues – such as accusations of perjured testimony, harsh interrogation methods and corruption – these overlapping events added up to a serious crisis in what was commonly argued to be the ‘best police in the world’. There was a significant element of party politics in the ‘police and public’ debates. The Labour Party in particular used the scandals to attack the Conservative government and push for in-depth inquiries and reforms ; however, discontent with policing was also apparent in the Tory-leaning press. Nevertheless, ultimately politics had little concrete impact on the procedural framework of policing.</p>]]>
      </description>
      <author>a.m.johansen@dundee.ac.uk         (John Carter Wood)</author>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 May 2015 00:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">http://chs.revues.org/index1324.html</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>« La puissante main de l’Empereur ». Institution policière et surveillance politique à Genève durant la période française (1798-1813)</title>
      <link>http://chs.revues.org/index1326.html</link>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[
        <p class="resume" dir="ltr">L’annexion de Genève par la France du Directoire, en avril 1798, ouvre une période inédite de l’histoire genevoise. Souveraine sous l’Ancien Régime, la République de Genève se voit intégrée dans le corps de la nation française au rang de chef-lieu du département du Léman, créé à cette occasion. Désormais française, Genève incorpore le dispositif du ministère de la Police générale, érigé par Joseph Fouché. Quels sont les moyens mis en œuvre par les nouvelles autorités pour importer un modèle de police institutionnalisé dans un contexte politique étranger à la France post-révolutionnaire ? Quels ont été les ajustements nécessaires au fonctionnement de l’institution policière sur le territoire de l’ancienne République genevoise ? Centrée sur le cas de Genève durant la période française (1798-1813), l’étude des pratiques des commissaires de police permet de questionner à la fois la nature et le fonctionnement de l’institution policière instaurée par le régime napoléonien.</p>]]>
      </description>
      <author>a.m.johansen@dundee.ac.uk         (Vincent Fontana)</author>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 May 2015 00:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">http://chs.revues.org/index1326.html</guid>
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