Notes
The couplet of Pushkin was found scribbled on the first page of the notebook of Mahabir Singh the first casualty of the hunger strike of 1933 in the cellular jail (Verma, 1991, p. 139).
Singh (1998, p. 49).
Verma (1991, p. 7).
Tendulkar (1951, p. 150).
Singh (1998, p. 51).
Sen (2000, p. 6).
Sen (2000, p. 18).
IOR: Vinayak Vithal Kalikar, Council of State Debates, 11th September 1933, p. 246, P&J 3932/1933.
IOR: Terrorist Prisoners in the Andamans, Council of State, 11th September 1933, p. 251, P&J 3932/1933.
Majumdar (1975, p. 148).
Singh (1998, p. 51).
Singh (1998, pp. 51-52 fn.).
Majumdar (1975, p. 201).
Sen (2000, p. 265).
IOR: Terrorist Prisoners in the Andamans, Council of State, 11th September 1933, p. 251, P&J 3932/1933.
IOR: Minute Paper, P&J 5339/1932.
IOR: Extract from Chapter XVII of Interim Report of the General Purposes Sub – Committee of the Retrenchment Advisory Committee, December 1931, Part II, Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Majumdar (1975, p. 281).
IOR: Jail policy in the Andaman, Summary for Council, From Home Department, Government of India, D. O. No. 111/44-Jails, 21st August 1945, To J.P. Gibson, Secretary, Political Department, India Office, P&J 8496/1945.
IOR: Report of the discussion between the Government of India and the Governor of Bengal, P&J 2824.
IOR: Minute Paper, 7.6.32, Public and Judicial Department, P&J 5339/1932.
Ibid.
Ibid.
IOR: Minute Paper, P&J 5339/1932.
IOR: Telegram 2544, Home Department, dated 15th November 1932, P&J 5588 of 1932.
IOR: Legislative Assembly Debates, 14 November 1932, pp. 1975-1976.
IOR: See Express letters from Joint Secretary to the Government of India Simla/New Delhi to Secretary of State for India, P&J 1932 to 1937.
IOR: Council of State Debates, 4th March 1933, p. 123, P&J 1184/1933.
IOR: From Home Department Government of India, Simla, the 25th May 1933, No. 19/F.11/1/33-jails to His Majesty’s Under Secretary of State for India, Public and Judicial department, India Office, London, P&J 2239/1933.
Ibid.
IOR: Extract from the Report on the Administration of the Police in Bihar and Orissa for the year 1930, Enclosure, Home Department, Government of India, and D.O.No. D. 9061/32-Poll, the 28th November 1932,P&J 5876/1932.
Ibid.
Ibid.
IOR: To Secretary of State, telegram 3rd November 1932, No. 2457, P&J 5339/32.
IOR: Telegram from the Secretary of State to the Government of India, 12th November 1932, No. 2943, P&J 5339/32.
Ibid.
IOR: List of political prisoners whose removal to the Cellular Jail at Port Blair, between August 1932 and April 1933, was ordered by the Governor-General in Council under section 29(1) of the Prisoners Act (III of 1900) as amended by Act I of 1903, from Home Department Government of India, Simla, the 25th May 1933, No. 19/F.11/1/33-Jails to His Majesty’s Under Secretary of State for India, Public and Judicial department, India Office, London, P&J 2239/1933.
Ibid. Three political prisoners -Ramendra Narayan Biswas and Madan Mohan Roy Choudhury from Bengal and Ishwar Dayal Singh from Bihar and Orissa- were not deported by then. The two other prisoners -Birendra Nath Roy and Mukul Ranjan Sen Gupta from Bengal- were returned to Central Jail, Alipore Calcutta, on account of their ill health (IOR: Jnanananda, p. 2).
IOR: Minute Paper, P&J 5339/1932.
IOR: Jnanananda (1931, p. 1) (published also in the «Amrit Bazar Patrika», «Advance», «Liberty», «Anand Bazar Patrika», «Bangabani» of Calcutta, «Bombay Chronicle», «Free Press Journal» of Bombay, «Hindu» of Madras etc.).
Srivastava (1992, Appendix VII).
IOR: Report On the Medical Aspects of the Hunger strike in the Cellular Jail, Port Blair, From Lieut. -F.A.Barker, O.B.E., I.M.S., Inspector-General of Prisons, Punjab to the Secretary to The Government of India, Home Department, Simla, June 22nd 1933, From Home Department, Government of India, No. 26/F.70/4B/32-Jails to His Majesty’s Under Secretary of State for India, India Office, London, the 27th July 1933, P&J 3026/1933.
Ibid.
Srivastava (1992, Appendix VII).
Sinha (1939, pp. 32-39).
IOR: list of political prisoners whose removal to the Cellular Jail at Port Blair, between August 1932 and April 1933, was ordered by the Governor-General in Council under section 29(1) of the Prisoners Act (III of 1900) as amended by Act I of 1903, from Home Department Government of India, Simla, the 25th May 1933, No. 19/F.11/1/33-Jails to His Majesty’s Under Secretary of State for India, Public and Judicial department, India Office, London, P&J 2239/1933].
Srivastava (1998, p. 48).
Srivastava (1992, Appendix VI).
Srivastava (1998, p. 38).
Srivastava (1998, p. 47).
IOR: From Home Department, Government of India to Secretary of State for India, dated Simla, 7th June 1933 No. 1417, repeating telegram from Andamans, June 5th for information, P&J 2210/1933.
The Government of India informed the Secretary of State: «29 political convicts in C class, transported after August 1932» to the Cellular Jail of the Andaman Islands, «at the instigation of K.B. Dutt» (sic- B.K. Dutta), Lahore conspiracy convict, commenced a hunger-strike on May 12, 1933 «as a protest that their grievances were not being redressed». IOR: From Home Department, Government of India to Secretary of State for India, dated Simla, 21st May, 1933 No 1273, repeating telegram from Andamans, 18st May for information, P&J 1941/1933.
Sinha (1939, pp. 39-40).
IOR: From Home Department, Government of India to Secretary of State for India, dated Simla, 7th June 1933 No. 1417, repeating telegram from Andamans, June 5th for information, P&J 2210/1933.
Ibid.
IOR: Jnanananda (1933, pp. 10-11).
Article 1052 of the Jail Code, Ibid. p. 11.
Chapter XXXIV, Rule 24, Ibid. p. 11.
Chapter XXXIV, Rule 24, Ibid. p. 11. p. 12.
Chapter X, Rule 553, Ibid. p. 12. «All money or other articles in respect whereof no order of a competent court has been made and which may with proper authority be brought into the prison for his use shall be placed in the custody of the Jailor… any property or money belonging to a prisoner may at any time during his imprisonment be delivered to his friends with the approval of the superintendent under an authority signed by the prisoner».
Chapter XVII A- Rule 689 B, Ibid. p. 12.
Rule 689 A, Ibid. p. 13.
Chapter XXXIV- Rule 22 (1), Ibid. p. 13.
The amendment was made by the Lt. Governor in Council under the power conferred on him by section 60 of the Prisons Act, 1894, by the insertion of Rule 100-A in the Bengal Jail Code whereby force feeding was made legal. Singh (1998, p. 49 f. n.).
IOR: From O’Donnell, Secretary to the Government of India to J.E.Ferard, Secretary, Judicial and Public Department, India Office, Delhi, the 16th November 1922, No. F. 201/XX, Government of India, Home Department (Political).
Ibid. p. 2.
IOR: From O’Donnell, Secretary to the Government of India to J.E.Ferard, Secretary, Judicial and Public Department, India Office, Delhi, the 16th November 1922, No. F. 201/XX, Government of India, Home Department (Political). pp. 3-4.
IOR: Report On the Medical Aspects of the Hunger strike In the Cellular Jail, Port Blair, From Lieut. -F.A.Barker, O.B.E., I.M.S., Inspector-General of Prisons, Punjab to the Secretary to The Government of India, Home Department, Simla, June 22nd 1933, From Home Department, Government of India, No. 26/F.70/4B/32-Jails to His Majesty’s Under Secretary of State for India, India Office, London, the 27th July 1933, P&J 3026/1933.
Srivastava (1992, Appendix 6).
IOR: From Government of India, Home Department to Secretary of State for India, repeating telegram of 18th May from Chief Commissioner, Andaman and Nicobar islands, 21st May 1933, No. 1273, P&J 1941 of 1933.
IOR: From Home Department, Government of India to the Secretary of State for India, repeating telegram of May 20th from Chief Commissioner, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, No. 1325, 28th May 1933, P&J 2064/1933.
Ibid.
IOR: Vinayak Vithal Kalikar, Council of State, 11th September 1933, P&J 3932/1933.
Srivastava (1998, p. 38).
IOR: From Government of India, Home Department to Secretary of State for India, repeating telegram of 26th May from Chief Commissioner, Andaman and Nicobar islands, 28th May 1933, No. 1325, P&J 2064 of 1933.
IOR: From Home Department, Government of India to Secretary of State for India, dated Simla, 7th June 1933 No. 1417, repeating telegram from Andamans, June 5th for information, P&J 2210/1933.
IOR: Vinayak Vithal Kalikar, Council of State, 11th September 1933, P&J 3932/1933.
IOR: Press Communiqué issued by Home Department, Simla, the 31st May 1933, Enclosure No. 1, From Home Department, Government of India, No. 21/F.70/4-B/32-Jails, to His Majesty’s Under Secretary of State for India, London, Simla, the 19th June 1933, P&J 2445/1933.
IOR: Press Communiqué issued by Home Department, Simla, the 31st May 1933, Enclosure No. 2, From Home Department, Government of India, No. 21/F.70/4-B/32-Lails, to His Majesty’s Under Secretary of State for India, London, Simla, the 19th June 1933, P&J 2445/1933.
IOR: Jnanananda (1933, p. 14).
IOR: From Home Department, Government of India to Secretary of State for India, dated Simla, 7th June 1933 No. 1417, repeating telegram from Andamans, June 5th for information, P&J 2210/1933.
IOR: Press Communiqué issued by Home Department, Simla, the 7th June, 1933, Enclosure No. 3, From Home Department, Government of India, No. 21/F.70/4-B/32-Lails, to His Majesty’s Under Secretary of State for India, London, Simla, the 19th June 1933, P&J 2445/1933. Lieutenant Colonel Barker sailed from Madras on June 11.
IOR: Press Communiqué issued by Home Department, Simla, the 13.6.1933, pp. 1-2, From Home Department, Government of India, No. 21/F.70/4-B/32-Lails, to His Majesty’s Under Secretary of State for India, London, Simla, the 19th June 1933, P&J 2445/1933.
Ibid.
IOR: Press communiqué issued by Home Department, Simla, 13.6.33, pp. 2-5, From Home Department, Government of India, No. 21/F.70/4-B/32- Jails, To His Majesty’s Under Secretary of State for India, London, Simla, the 19th June 1933, P&J 2445/1933.
IOR: Vinayak Vithal Kalikar, Council of State, 11th September 1933, P&J3932/1933.
IOR: list of political prisoners whose removal to the Cellular Jail at Port Blair, between August 1932 and April 1933, was ordered by the Governor-General in Council under section 29(1) of the Prisoners Act (III of 1900) as amended by Act I of 1903, from Home Department Government of India, Simla, the 25th May 1933, No. 19/F.11/1/33-Jails to His Majesty’s Under Secretary of State for India, Public and Judicial department, India Office, London, P&J 2239/1933].
IOR: Report On the Medical Aspects of the Hunger strike In the Cellular Jail, Port Blair, From Lieut. -F.A.Barker, O.B.E., I.M.S., Inspector-General of Prisons, Punjab to the Secretary to The Government of India, Home Department, Simla, June 22nd 1933, From Home Department, Government of India, No. 26/F.70/4B/32-Jails to His Majesty’s Under Secretary of State for India, India Office, London, the 27th July 1933, P&J 3026/1933. All subsequent quotations pertaining to Barker’s report are taken from this source.
In fact, when Lt.Col.Barker arrived he found 55 prisoners on hunger-strike but in his report he included also the three who had died.
IOR: Communiqué, dated Simla, the 27th June 1933, P&J 3932 of 1933.
IOR: Sir Harry Haig, Council of State, 11th September 1933, P&J 3932/1933.
Srivastava (1998, pp. 48-49).
Sinha (1939, p. 42).
IOR: See Rules framed by the Chief Commissioner, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, under section 60 of the Prisons Act 1894 to regulate the classification and treatment of convicted prisoners, 8th January 1934, Statement laid on the Table, 16th February 1934, Extract from Official Report of the Legislative Assembly Debates, p. 926.
IOR: Vinayak Vithal Kalikar, Council of State, 11th September 1933, P&J 3932/1933.
Srivastava (1998, pp. 35, 48-49, 69, 72.)
IOR: Minute Paper, Debate in Council of State, Hunger strike of Terrorist Prisoner, Andaman Cellular Jail, Received P&J Dept 31Oct 1933, P&J 3932/1933).
IOR: Express letters from Joint Secretary to the Government of India Simla/New Delhi to Secretary of State for India, P&J 1932 to 1937.
IOR: Draft note to the Cabinet, P&J 3784/37.
IOR: From Joint Secretary to the Government of India to His Majesty’s Under Secretary of State for India, Public and Judicial Department, dated New Delhi 14 January 1938, P&J 359 of 1938, No. F. 5/1/38-Jails, GOI, Home Department).
IOR: Telegram from Home Department Government of India to the Secretary of State, No. F. 5/14/37-Jails dated 7th January 1938.
IOR: Summary For Council: Jail policy in the Andamans, From Home Department, Government of India, D. O. No. 111/44- Jails, darted the 21st August 1945, J.P. Gibson, Political Department, India Office, POL 8496/1945, pp. 1-2.)
Ibid.
Top of page